Using the Census Bureau’s traditional methods of calculating poverty, seniors aged 65 and older are not as likely to be living in poverty as adults of working age are. However, this does not seem to mesh with the anecdotal stories and daily struggles of many seniors. A different measure known as the Supplemental Poverty Measure, created in 2011, helps to explain some of the discrepancies.
A recent analysis of SPM data by the Kaiser Family Foundation backs up the claim that traditional methods are underestimating the poverty level of seniors. It differs from the traditional method in several important ways.
Localized Threshold Adjustments – The traditional measure of poverty has tiers based on age — for 2013, the Federal Poverty level was $11,173 for an individual senior aged 65 or older and $12,119 for those below age 65 — but they do not have differentials based on the cost of basic necessities, the effect of home ownership, and the housing prices in specific areas. The SPM reverses this effect, ignoring age while capturing some elements of local cost-of-living.
This change results in some huge differences in the poverty threshold. KFF gives two examples: a single homeowner without a mortgage in Charlotte, NC with a $9,600 poverty threshold and a single mortgage holder in San Jose, CA with a $16,500 poverty threshold.
Resources and Liabilities – The traditional method ignores tax credits and certain non-cash government benefits such as food stamps in the income calculations. Likewise, it does not take into account expenses such as taxes, job-related expenses, and any out-of-pocket health care expenses. SPM includes the income sources and deducts the expenses listed above from income.
The out-of-pocket medical cost is a major reason for the differential in the two poverty measures. Critics of the SPM argue that it goes too far in not distinguishing between discretionary and necessary medical expenses and ignores the effect of insurance, which has some merit. However, the ability to distinguish cost-of-living differentials seems completely reasonable.
How do the numbers compare? Using 2013 poverty data, approximately one-third of seniors were within 200 percent of the poverty line, with 10 percent below the poverty line straightaway. Using SPM, those numbers shift to 45 percent and 15 percent respectively. Both the SPM and traditional numbers get grimmer with age, with 36 percent of seniors aged 65-69, 45 percent of those 70-79, and 57 percent of those age 80 or greater registering at or below 200 percent of the poverty line.
Other trends with poverty noted in the KFF report include:
Gender – By either method, senior women were more likely than senior men to be living in poverty. Using the SPM method, half of women aged 65 and older were under the 200 percent poverty threshold, compared to 38 percent for men.
Race – Again, by either method, there is a clear discrepancy by race. 41 percent of white seniors fell into the 200 percent or less poverty threshold, compared to 60 percent for black seniors and 68 percent for Hispanic seniors.
Health – It should be no surprise given the inclusion of out-of-pocket medical expenses, but higher poverty levels were found among less healthy seniors by both traditional and SPM measures. Fifty-eight percent of those assessing their health as fair or poor were living within 200 percent of the poverty line compared to 40 percent of those with self-assessed good to excellent health.
KFF includes an analysis by state to emphasize the difference. Using the traditional poverty measure, 37 states had less than 35 percent of their seniors living below the 200 percent poverty line, with Arkansas and Mississippi tied for the worst at 43 percent. With the SPM, every state had over 35 percent of seniors under the 200 percent poverty line, with Washington, DC, the worst at 57 percent and California, New York, Florida, and five other states at a greater than 50 percent rate.
Perhaps it’s ironic that the worst numbers by SPM methods are in Washington, DC, the one area that can take legislative action to address the problem. Unfortunately, many policy proposals contain effects that will aggravate poverty problems for seniors through deficit and debt reduction efforts. It will be important to see how upcoming changes actually affect the plight of seniors and whether the effect is fully understood.
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